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Cologne, Germany
units of mass based on the mark of Cologne
12ᵗʰ – 19ᵗʰ century

									Pfund
									Mark	2
						Unze or †once			8	16
							Loth	2	16	32
					Quentchen		4	8	64	128
				Pfennig		4	16	32	256	512
				Heller	2	8	32	64	512	1024
	As-ducat of Vienna, As of Cologne			—	—	62¹³⁄₁₆	251¼	502½	4,020	8,040
		Eschen	—	8½	17	68	272	544	4,352	8,704
	richtpfennigtheil	—		128	256	1,024	4,096	8192	65,536	131,072
ancient, Kelly, Doursther	3.57	5.37	5.82	456.6	913.2	3.65	14.61	29.22	233.77	467.538
after 1838: also called the Vereinsmark or Preussische Mark	3.57 mg	5.37 mg	5.82 mg	456.74 mg	913.50 mg	3.65 g	14.62 g	29.23 g	233.8555 g	467.71 g

† Apothecaries used 1 as = 5.815164 mark, about 233.77 g

Woodcut of Cologne

Liber Chronicarum, 1493, image courtesy historic-cities.huji.ac.il.

Cologne in the 15ᵗʰ century.

Cologne, Germany units of mass based on the mark of Cologne12ᵗʰ – 19ᵗʰ century